Part 3- The Baroque Era Flashcard

Section 3-The Baroque Era

Reducing Carbon Emissions Of The Construction Industry

Diminishing Carbon Emissions Of The Construction Industry It is perfect to make reference to that practically everything rising around us are developed out of carbon. Anyway carbons in types of strong are less harming; such structures are tree tail or a layer of coal in the ground [1]. CO2 is created from differing sources, one of which is vitality, i.e, the creation of vitality happens from consuming non-renewable energy sources, for example, oil, gas, coal, utilized in power plants, transportation and other development modern comforts and nearly all that we do in our live is included vitality. The entirety of the carbon producers extending from vitality age to transportation are found to support people. So its fundamental for us to genuinely consider and deal with diminishing CO2 emanation. In this way, the future will constrain us to diminish our outflow as we will see plainly what negative influence our producers have had on nature Furthermore, every feature of the UKs economy from development to transportation to farming is reliant on petroleum product imitative vitality in certainty the emanations of carbon dioxide were more than 150 million tons in 2004[2] that originates from consuming non-renewable energy sources. As we search and attempt to find various methods for vitality sources, we are as yet confronting the assurance that CO2 emanation from UK economy is as yet rising and activities must be come into view to balance and cut the discharges that we can't yet kill. Figure (2) [3] The UK is as of now prone to lessen outflows of CO2 by 15-18% of 1990 levels by 2010 [4]as appeared in the figure (2) above; In request from the legislature to meet these figures, assortment of strategies are actualized to decrease the CO2 discharge, trees are one approach to balance carbon emanation. Planting tree is a plausible procedure to manage environmental change and it is one of only a handful hardly any strategies that in truth destroy dynamic CO2 from the earth by utilizing a procedure called (carbon sequestration). Trees are known about engrossing CO2 of the air and furnish it with O2. This activity is alluded to as Carbon Sequestration, notwithstanding the referenced above, plants do likewise give back some CO2 however it is of such a limited quantity, that the impact of tree to nature and the environment is seen absolutely positive. Different strategies that can be utilized in lessening carbon impression are factors, for example, Solar force, Recycling, Water sparing and Thermal protection. Sun powered force can be utilized to change over the suns power into other vitality sources regularly warmth, power or high temp water. This mean of vitality age was received because of its amazingly low carbon print and subsequently having no negative impact on the earth during the force age process. Reusing is critical during the time spent decreasing the measure of waste dispatched to land fill in contrast with new methods for cutting the over the top utilization of normal sources and materials. Sparing water is important on the grounds that there is an expansion in populace and in this way the pace of water use is more noteworthy than any time in recent memory, however the water providers have a constrained contribute reachable for drinking. Those water providers need to utilize vitality to run their treatment plants and siphoning water; along these lines lessening the use will spare vitality significantly. Warm protection is utilized generally in structures to forestall having pointless warmth driven in the structure; this will bring about low running expense and less spending on focal warming frameworks just as decreasing the force utilization from power. _________________________________________________________________________ Section 2: CO2 discharge in development: One of the significant reasons for CO2 emanation in the UK is brought about by development. This is because of the way that the development business utilizes untreated materials which are considered as significant components in producing commotion, dust and extensive measure of waste. Besides, the creation and utilization of cement has a colossal ecological impact this is on the grounds that Cement is a vitality customer and CO2 manufactured material. Different factors and reasons for CO2 outflow are things, for example, items that utilization high temperature procedures to create components, for example, concrete, blocks; these are considered as a fundamental client of vitality and producer of ozone harming substances. Other material creations that can prompt CO2 discharge are lead, iron and other substance creation, for example, smelling salts and titanium dioxide that can make negative effect the earth. Part2: Changes have been made to meet focuses of lessening CO2 outflow Right now United Kingdom is working for changes toward creating and circulating a Greener and ecologically well disposed vitality. Straightforward case of those progressions is pay-as-you-electrical flexibly, helping homes produce their own perfect vitality and boosting power creation from low carbon sources, which thusly help in the decrease of CO2 discharge. Right now 21 % of decrease has just been accomplished from various divisions. This is proportional to cutting all outflows from a city multiple times the size of London.[5] by making these fundamental changes. So The UK government has just set focuses to meet its objective of making decrease in the CO2 outflow and development is one of the zones that should be considered so as to meet these objectives. One of the activities the legislature has done to meet the objectives is to lessen squander come about because of development. In this manner, it has presented the Site Waste Management Plans (SWMP) which came into power to make development organizations deal with their waste created nearby, (more subtleties of this plan can be found in the reusing area). Different associations bolstered by the administration that help temporary workers to oversee and lessen squander are (Norfolk Waste Recycling Assistance Project) (NORWRAP) and The National House Building Council (NHBC), these association are a piece of the dedication and changes the legislature has done to help diminish CO2 discharge by propelling a diagram plan for these progressions including waste assortment and reusing. As needs be, this will diminish the landfill and the expulsion charge just as lessening the work expenses of shipping these waste materials. Different Ways in which the UK will meet its objectives in further decrease of CO2 emanations are set out in the accompanying zones: Transport living being Homes and society Force framework Overseeing lands, Farms all the more reasonably Figures of CO2 utilization in the UK from 1990 to 2007 came about because of various areas are demonstrated as follows: Figure (4) [6] Transport creature: The vast majority of the vitality devoured in this division is caused from various fuel types; not many of which are oil, diesel and gas. As most kinds of transport implies utilize these fills, accordingly the outflow of CO2 caused from the transportation part kept on expanding since (1990). Transportation is considered as one of the significant segments that can be humiliated to meet CO2 decrease focuses because of various reasons: Individuals can be greener in the present and future by picking the most maintainable and least carbon methods of meeting their vehicle needs. The administration can bolster organizations that create low carbon vehicles to diminish ozone harming substance discharge. Homes and society (Residential): The primary objective in this segment is to make private homes progressively proficient and bolster little scope sustainable power source ventures. This assistant will improve green foundation and diminish the creation of CO2 as it very well may be found in Figure (4). Which would then be able to improve the adaptability of our places to effects of environmental change, for example, flooding and over-warming, thusly it is crucial that we gain a drawn out view to build up the working of our current spots. Diverse sort of vitality sources are devoured by lodging some of which are identified with lights, water warming and cooking space. New focuses as per Governments asset [7] include: Pay as you spare pilots helping individuals make their home greener by utilizing the reserve funds made on bills to reimburse the forthright expenses. Support on the new spotless vitality money back plan, which means individuals will be paid for producing power from low carbon sources. The force framework (vitality gracefully): The best manner by which CO2 decreases can be accomplished is by upgrading the manner in which power is produced. Biomass is one of the methods the administration plan to use in creating power; biomass can be changed over into gas or fluid fills by utilizing synthetic substances or warmth to change over that vitality into a usable vitality source, for example, power. Be that as it may, CO2 that is discharged during the creation of vitality (power) from biomass is adjusted by that which is assimilated during the creation of the fuel itself [8] which make this technique extensively vitality productive. Overseeing land, Farms all the more economically: We have arrived at a period where we can utilize specialized and methodological thoughts, for example, reusing usable materials, changing over the natural material into usable fuel and uncovering landfills for separating strong waste are for the most part coherent and attainable thoughts whose opportunity has arrived. Decrease of discharges from horticulture, land use and waste can be accomplished by supporting the assets accessible for developing food and by well overseeing water and soil quality. Additionally permitting lacking area for advancement that greenly address human issues, just as supporting the anaerobic assimilation, a procedure that turns natural materials, for example, food waste, slurries and fertilizers into sustainable power source in type of biogas [9] this can be utilized as a power creation source that is the reason it generally spread across Europe. Section 3: Reusing Reusing is considered as a strategy for utilizing the waste materials just as, decreasing the unreasonable utilization of the as of now accessible normal materials. Reusing likewise assumes a job in diminishing contamination brought about by dumping waste materials in the ground. Such technique is valuable during circumstances such as the present where normal sources are of constrained presences and requirement for those assets are progressively expanding day after anothe

Schizophrenia Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Coping

Schizophrenia Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Coping Schizophrenia Print An Overview of Schizophrenia By Ruth Jessen Hickman, MD facebook linkedin  Ruth Jessen Hickman, MD, is a freelance medical and health writer and published book author. Learn about our editorial policy Ruth Jessen Hickman, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 18, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Diagnosis Causes Treatment Coping In Children For Caregivers View All Schizophrenia  is a type of mental illness that affects how the brain works. This leads to chronic problems with disordered thoughts and behaviors. It usually  requires lifelong care and treatment. Researchers estimate that schizophrenia affects approximately 0.3 percent to 0.7 percent of people (between 3 in 1000 and 7 in 1000).?? Schizophrenia affects people from all racial backgrounds and ethnicities. Schizophrenia is slightly more common in men than in women. Verywell / Cindy Chung Symptoms Two of the major categories of schizophrenia symptoms are “positive” or “negative symptoms.  These terms dont refer to whether the symptoms are good or bad as some people might think, but rather to the way symptoms present. Positive Symptoms Positive symptoms are active problems that shouldn’t be present (like hallucinations).?? They are positive in the sense that they represent an addition to someones typical day-to-day experience. Some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia include: HallucinationsDelusionsDisorganized thinking and speech Hallucinations: During a hallucination, a person hears, sees, feels, or smells something that is not actually present. Most often this occurs in the form of hearing voices that others do not hear. These voices may be reassuring, threatening, or anything in between. Sometimes a person experiences these only as intrusive thoughts, but often they seem to come from outside the self. Delusions: Delusions  are false beliefs held by a person that are not shared by other people. Someone with a delusion has a very fixed view of a situation and cannot be talked out of it with reason. For example, someone with schizophrenia might believe he is the subject of a government conspiracy, or that aliens are trying to monitor his activities. Disorganized Speech: People with disorganized speech may be difficult to understand because their sentences are unconnected  or because the person is frequently switching topics in a way that doesn’t make sense to the listener. However, the speech may have meaning for the individual in a way that is connected to their internal experience. Negative Symptoms Characteristics that seem to be absent or diminished in someone with schizophrenia are called negative symptoms.?? Negative symptoms of schizophrenia can include: Decreased emotional expressionLack of initiation in goal-directed activities People may also have additional cognitive symptoms like difficulty concentrating, remembering, or planning activities. People with schizophrenia may also have poor self-care and poor interpersonal, school, or career functioning. The illness also makes it more challenging for the individual to join in social events, and participate in meaningful relationships. Fluctuation of Symptoms Symptoms may have periods of worsening, and periods of improvement. Periods of worsening symptoms are called flares or relapses.?? With treatment, most of these symptoms may diminish or go away (especially positive symptoms).  Disease remission refers to periods of six months or longer in which a person experiences no symptoms or only mild symptoms. On the whole, negative symptoms tend to be harder to treat than positive ones. In the traditional biomedical model of schizophrenia, these symptoms are purely pathological. However, people in the hearing voices movement argue that hearing voices is sometimes a meaningful human experience and that it shouldnt be seen purely as a sign of illness. Age of Onset The early symptoms of schizophrenia often start to appear gradually and then become more severe and obvious to others. Typically, symptoms of schizophrenia first appear sometime between adolescence and a person’s mid-30s.?? However, sometimes symptoms appear earlier or later. In women, symptoms tend to begin at a later age than in men. Changes in the Brain Scientists are continuing to learn about how schizophrenia affects the brain, as the condition is associated with a number of alterations in how the brain functions. These brain changes reflect the specific symptoms of the disease. The following are some of the brain regions thought to have disordered functioning in schizophrenia: Medial temporal lobe (causing problems with working memory)Superior temporal lobe (causing problems processing auditory information)Prefrontal lobe (causing problems with decision-making and inhibition) Diagnosis There isn’t a simple blood test or brain scan that health providers can use to diagnose schizophrenia. To diagnose schizophrenia, a physician takes a thorough medical history and performs a medical exam.  A clinician will need to rule out other psychiatric conditions that can cause hallucinations or delusions (such as Morgellons disease). People with schizoaffective disorder, for instance, have many of the same symptoms of schizophrenia, but they also have specific problems with their mood and emotions. Some other medical conditions that can cause some similar symptoms to schizophrenia include: Substance-related disordersDementiaEndocrine and inflammatory conditionsBrain tumorDelirium In some cases, an individual might need additional tests to rule out other conditions like these. How Mental Health Professionals Use the DSM Today Time Matters The time period of symptoms is also important in diagnosis. To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, a person must display at least a six-month period of symptoms. If you or a loved one have had symptoms for less than a month, the diagnosis may instead be what is called a brief psychotic disorder. Someone who has had symptoms for more than a month but less than six months might be diagnosed with something called schizophreniform disorder. Sometimes people with these conditions have persistent symptoms and are later officially diagnosed with schizophrenia. Subtypes You may have heard of various types of schizophrenia, such as paranoid schizophrenia or catatonic schizophrenia. Mental health providers used to diagnose people with these different subtypes based on their different symptoms. However, in 2013, psychiatrists decided to stop classifying people with schizophrenia in this way. They concluded that these categories didn’t really help them understand schizophrenia any better, and they didn’t help clinicians provide better care to patients. Causes The causes of schizophrenia are complex  and not completely understood, though research does indicate certain risk factors. Genetics Genetics seem to play a role in those who have schizophrenia. You are more likely to have schizophrenia if you inherited variations of certain genes  (portions of DNA) from your parents. People who have a relative with schizophrenia have a somewhat increased risk of also having schizophrenia or a related disorder, like schizoaffective disorder. Identical twins (who share identical DNA) are more likely to have schizophrenia than fraternal twins (who do not). This implies that genetics play a role in triggering schizophrenia, probably through several different genes. Other Risk Factors Schizophrenia can occur in people who have no history of it in their family. And just because you have schizophrenia in your family, doesn’t mean you will have it yourself. Various environmental factors have been linked to an increased risk of schizophrenia.??  Some of these include: Obstetric complications at your birthInfection of the central nervous system in early childhoodChildhood traumaSocial stressors, such as economic adversity However, many people with schizophrenia have none of these risk factors. Schizophrenia likely emerges as a complex result of a variety of genetic, environmental, social, and psychological factors that are not yet well understood. Treatment Ideally, treatment for schizophrenia combines a multidisciplinary approach from a collaborative team of health professionals. Early treatment can help improve the chances of a fuller recovery. Elements of treatment should include: Psychiatric medicationPsychological treatmentSocial support Many people with schizophrenia will need to initially be hospitalized for psychiatric treatment so that doctors can stabilize their condition. Medications Antipsychotic medications form a very important part of treatment for schizophrenia. These medications help reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia and help prevent relapse. First generation antipsychotic medications describe a class of drugs that were developed in the 1950s. These are also called typical antipsychotics. Some of these include: Haldol (haloperidol)Thorazine (chlorpromazine) This group of antipsychotics tend to have similar side effects like problems with movement (known as extrapyramidal symptoms), drowsiness, and dry mouth. Scientists later developed a newer group of antipsychotics, often called second-generation antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics. Some of these antipsychotic drugs include the following: Abilify (aripiprazole)Clozaril (clozapine)Zyprexa (olazapine)Seroquel (quetiapine)INVEGA (paliperidone) These drugs don’t usually cause the movement problems of typical antipsychotic drugs. However, they are more likely to cause weight gain and other problems with metabolism, among other side effects. Therapy Increasingly, mental health providers are realizing the important role of psychological treatment in addressing schizophrenia. For example, various forms of psychotherapy can be very helpful. One form of psychotherapy called cognitive behavioral therapy  helps patients learn to identify and change their dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and thoughts.?? No matter the type of therapy one pursues, its best to be as honest as possible with your doctor or mental health professional. This way he/she can help you to the full extent in managing and coping with your symptoms. Schizophrenia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Family therapy can also help both patients and family members learn better how to cope with the condition. Many people with schizophrenia also need social skills training, which can help teach basic self-care and social skills. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Additional Support Support groups can also be helpful, both for people with the condition and for family members. People with schizophrenia may also need help finding work, housing, or certain other types of assistance. Goals of Treatment The goal of treatment is to help patients achieve remission. Some people have long periods of remission with a quite stable disease and minimal impairment.?? Other people have worsening symptoms and functioning  and do not have a good response to available therapies. It is hard to know how a specific person will do after diagnosis. But the outlook for people with schizophrenia has improved over recent years, with better psychiatric medications and more comprehensive psychological and social support. Coping People diagnosed with schizophrenia can face a variety of challenges. Learning how to navigate these potential obstacles is an important part of living fully and keeping symptoms manageable. Emotional Coping Living with schizophrenia may feel overwhelming at times, especially as you learn of your new diagnosis and begin the treatment process. Emotional challenges are to be expected and it is important to allow yourself time to learn how to effectively regulate your emotions. Through counseling and peer support, you can learn ways to manage your emotional experiences in healthy ways. Social coping Social support from peers, family, and friends is important as you learn how to successfully navigate the journey of living with schizophrenia. There may be times when it is difficult to tell others about your condition, especially if you feel you may be judged by others. Learning about your condition, and being open about your experiences, can help others understand what you need, and how they might be able to help. Debunking myths Some people dont understand the condition of schizophrenia. You might find yourself explaining things about your condition to others. Some common misconceptions or myths about schizophrenia include things like:?? It means having multiple personalitiesThe diagnosis is very rareThe condition leads to violent behaviorIt always becomes worse over time The reality is that each persons experience with schizophrenia is unique. Although there are specific clinical criteria that need to be met in order to be diagnosed, each person can have different experiences with the types of symptoms they have, the degree to which symptoms progress over time or go into remission, and how they respond to treatment methods. In Children Although rare, the onset of schizophrenia can occur in children 13 years old or younger. It is estimated that childhood schizophrenia impacts about one percent of the American population.?? Being able to identify the condition in children can be quite difficult, as children can have a hard time understanding and describing their experiences to others. For this reason, asking your child questions about symptoms may not be very helpful. You may want to consult your childs doctor if you notice things like: Strange eating ritualsUnusual behaviorsBizarre ideasSocial isolationDrastic change in academic performance Since the onset of schizophrenia symptoms typically takes place in the late teens into the early thirties, keep in mind these symptoms are likely related to something other than schizophrenia. For Caregivers Caring for a loved one with schizophrenia can feel challenging. One of the most important things that can help is to educate yourself on the condition and the experiences that those with schizophrenia often face.?? Gathering information can help us learn what to expect along the way, what our loved one might need in the process and how we can best help. Support can be as important for caregivers as it is for the person living with the condition. Group support environments offer opportunities to connect with others who can relate to challenges and join you in celebrating victories. You may also find that people share helpful information about new or progressive treatment methods and other resources that can help your loved one. Dont be afraid to ask for help. Caregivers can feel overwhelmed with responsibilities and spend so much time caring for others that they neglect caring for themselves. Reaching out to a support group, a mental health provider or other resources can allow you space to share your experiences and process emotions. A Word From Verywell Schizophrenia is often a difficult illness to fully treat, but there is hope. Through multifaceted and consistent treatment, many individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia can recover from many disease symptoms. People with schizophrenia need support from their family and community members to have the best chance of living full and active lives. If you or your family member has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, know that it isn’t your fault. Also, know that there are many people to help affected individuals recover and regain control of their lives. What Are the Symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Anne Armageddon Reaction Paper - 1265 Words

Armageddon: A Reaction Paper Sparks, noise, vibrations and explosions! Shouting, running, screaming, fighting! Fire, tremors, crashes and collisions! In the movie Armageddon, who are the evil ones? They are thousands of rocks led by an asteroid the size of Texas that threatens to extinguish life on Earth? And who are the good ones? They are a motley makeshift group of old-drillers who will risk their lives in a daring rocket journey to save the world. A few NASA astronauts and one Russian cosmonaut are also thrown in to help steer the two shuttle spacecrafts. So these are the heroes of the movie. But, except for rig owner and drilling expert Harry Stamper (played excellently by Bruce Willis), the oil workers are moonlighting†¦show more content†¦Can one hydrogen bomb create a crack that stretches across the state of Texas? When it comes to man versus Nature in life-threatening battles, can man always win? When a tornado touches down, can we stop it? When a tsunami or giant wave, speeds across the ocean, can we diminish it? When a volcano is about to erupt, can we extinguish its hot t emper? When a hurricane heads towards a populated coastal region, can we divert it? When lightning strikes, can we reflect its flash? The answers to these questions are no. But we can take measures. In most instances, our only recourse is evacuation. In these battles of man versus Nature, Nature is supreme. Solar system scientists classify asteroids with letters such as S, C, M and E. The makers of Armageddon have discovered a truly remarkable object that will revolutionize planetary science. From a distance, it appears to be almost comet-like and engulfed in a blue-green cloud. While most asteroids have a topography not so different from the Moons, the Armageddon asteroid has a treacherous terrain of jagged knife-like rocks, steep crevices and pointed mountain peaks. Its surface is as intricate as a crystal chandelier. It is almost as though its stalagmites threaten to stab Earths heart. But, of course, in reality the danger to Earth is created by the asteroids tremendous kineti c energy, which gets translated into heat, pressure and pounding power upon impact. The Armageddon asteroid is also the first toShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials

American Democracy Essays - 819 Words

American Democracy The American democracy is one of the most peaceful kinds of government in the world although it is a long way from utopia. The democracy in which we live has many strengths and weaknesses. Neither strengths or weaknesses out weigh one another, but it is necessary to have both due to the varying definitions. A democracy is a government that is run by the people. The politicians that we elect to run our government are human and they are susceptible to mistakes based on their own strengths and weaknesses. The strengths and weaknesses they possess are reflected into our government but at least â€Å"we the people† elect them and they are not chosen for us. We live in a representative democracy that means â€Å"we the people†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦It is kind of like a relationship, you tend to remember the bad more than the good. The same applies to campaigning. When some of us go to the ballot box we remember certain commercials either on the television or radio. And nine times out of ten, we remember the negative commercials over the positive. The campaigns are suppose to educate us and negative campaigns is not a good way to do that. The positive campaigns are the ones that should educate us. Positive campaigns promote â€Å"the will of the people.† The â€Å"will of the people† want trust, security, someone they can relate to. But with positive campaigns there is a drawback, it costs more money. Now you have those people who want to reform campaign finance. They feel we already spend too much money on campaigning. If you have the money supporting you, then you should be allowed to spend the money in whatever way it best suits your campaigning. More money does not mean a victory, just ask Ross Perot. More money could mean more positive campaigns and better education about the politicians for we the people. Some people feel we should let the newspapers and media inform us about candidates, but the media is the worst critic of all. Journalists are paid big bucks to see who can find the dirtiest secret one person has done. So, what positive influences could the media possibly provide to us? Our media in this country is out of control and they inform us of issues we do not need to know about. WhileShow MoreRelatedThe Natural Rights Of American Democracy1342 Words   |  6 Pages American democracy is a government which whom the power is vested by the people. The United States government has fulfilled the American democracy however, there has been major fulfilments that have not been completed. The start to our democracy begin with our Enlightenment ideas which influenced our founding fathers. These ideas dealt with Natural Rights, Social Contract, and Revolution. The Natural Rights idea comes from a famous philosopher named John Locke. He basically states that every humanRead MoreEssay on Roots of American Democracy2355 Words   |  10 PagesWhen referring to classical antiquity period, most think of Greece and Rome dominating and flourishing in the areas of philosophy, sciences, mathematics and literature. One other admirable achievement, the establishment of early forms of democracy, came from this time period and should not be overlooked as it is the historical basis of our government today. The Founding Fathers of the United States were influenced by Greek and Roman concepts in law, government structure, and even philosophy. Concep tsRead MoreAmerican Democracy : Is It Unhealthy And Who Is Blame?1555 Words   |  7 Pages American Democracy: Is it Unhealthy and Who is to Blame? Despite being one of the oldest and most consistently stable democracies in the Western world, the American government, and American democracy as a whole, has frequently come under fire in recent years. Whether it is political parties, pundits, bloggers or citizens, Americans and non-Americans are all lining up to take shots at what they diagnose as a storied democracy crumbling before their eyes. Two of Robert Dahl’s criteria for a healthyRead More The Creation of the American Democracy Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesThe Creation of the American Democracy When the Framers of the Constitution met in Philadelphia, they came together with one common purpose in mind. They needed to form a fair and solid system of government that would stand the test of time; one that was both fair for the people and would not involve a monarchy. Each of these men had their own ideas on what would constitute this system, however, so many compromises had to be made. Together, the men gathered in Philadelphia created a federalRead MoreThe Presidential Debate On The American System Of Democracy Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesA constructive national debate is something that is quite important to the functioning of the American system of democracy. A simple definition of democracy offered by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is that democracy is â€Å"a form of government in which people choose leaders by voting† (Merriam-Webster). Now, at a time of heightened awareness from many American people, the political debates in this country don’t seem t o be providing them with good cogent arguments. Instead they are filled with fallaciesRead MoreRethinking the Finality of and Democracy in the American Constitution1716 Words   |  7 PagesIs the United States Constitution a sacred and absolute document? Dahl (2001) argued that the Constitution is not perfect or permanent in his book, How Democratic is the American Constitution. He stresses that his main aim is not to propose that the Constitution must be amended, but to facilitate readers in changing how they think about the Constitution. In order to help people rethink the Constitution, Dahl (2001) explained the limitations of its Framers and the Constitution’s not widely known undemocraticRead MoreThe Concept Of American Democracy1699 Words   |  7 Pages Democracy is perhaps the most elusive concept of all times. But if there has to be something more elusive, it will surely be the concept of American democracy. In 1858, Abraham Lincoln is known to have written:  ¨As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master †¦ This expresses my idea of democracy. Whoever differs from this, to the extent of the difference, is no democracy. ¨ The initial understanding of American democracy takes the form of an antithesis of English colonialism and slaveryRead MoreThe Evolution of American Democracy1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of the American Democracy United States can be seen as the first liberal democracy. The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. The system gradually evolved, from Jeffersonian Democracy or the First Party System to Jacksonian Democracy or the Second Party System and later to the Third PartyRead MoreDemocracy An American Novel, by Henry Adams Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesIn the late 1800’s, Henry Adams wrote Democracy An American Novel, in which he portrayed Washington society through the eyes of a wealthy young widow, Mrs. Madeline Lee, who is looking for the basis of American governmental power. In her search for the basis of power, Mrs. Lee encounters many facets of Washington society, such as the types of people who control the government. The novel moves beyond a simple plot and story and includes p ortrayals of the basic Washington types of people, WashingtonRead MorePursuing Democracy : An Analysis Of The Development Of American Government755 Words   |  4 PagesPursuing Democracy: An Analysis of the Development of American Government The passing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 marks the beginning of of the United States of America, but the ideas that influenced the development of American government have roots extending to the dawn of civilization. As long as humans have lived in community, the desire to keep order has spawned many experiments in finding an effective system of government. Examination of the development of American government

Business Valuations Free Essays

Q1. Which of the following is the correct formula for Market Capitalization? (MCQ)Previous share price Ãâ€" Number of issued sharesCurrent share price Ãâ€" Number of issued sharesPrevious share price Ãâ€" Number of issued preference sharesCurrent share price Ãâ€" Number of issued convertible shares(2 marks) Q2. Statements given below relate to asset-based valuation for equity. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Valuations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Select appropriate types of asset-based valuation. (HA)Historic Cost Values are easily available BOOK VALUE NET REALISABLE VALUE REPLACEMENT BASISMaximum Cost to be paid for assets by a buyer BOOK VALUE NET REALISABLE VALUE REPLACEMENT BASISAsset Stripping BOOK VALUE NET REALISABLE VALUE REPLACEMENT BASIS(2 marks) Q3. Given below is summary of Vento Co.’s balance sheet: Assets $m Financed by $mNon-current assets 8 $1 Ordinary shares 1Net-current assets 4 Reserves 6- – Loan notes 5Total 12 12Non-current assets include Bulldozer which cost $7m when it was purchased five years ago when it had a useful life of ten years. The company’s depreciation policy is on a straight-line basis. These assets were valued $2m by a professional. What is the value per share using NRV basis? (MCQ) $5$5.25$5.5$5.75(2 marks) Q4. Following statements relate to asset-based valuation. (HA) It ignores intangible assets DRAWBACK USEFULNESSIt ignores cash flows from the assets DRAWBACK USEFULNESSTo set a minimum price in an event of a takeover DRAWBACK USEFULNESS(2 marks) Q5. A Target company’s dividend per share is $0.3/share ; its competitor has a dividend yield of 8%. Calculate the target company’s share price? (FIB)4114804699000$ (2 marks) Q6. Dosed Co has an earnings yield of 17%. Calculate the value of the Dosed Co. based on the present value of the expected earnings? Using the following information given below: (MCQ)Year 1 2 3 4Earnings ($m) 3.4 3.9 4.1 4.5$26.47m$45.9m$62.5m$68.625m(2 marks) Q7. Cato Co. has been open for bidding and it currently has earnings of $3.5m and has 1 million shares in issue Cato Co. has a current share price of $11 in the market. Calculate the earnings yield of Xerox Co, a business in the same industry sector? (MCQ)3.5%11%31.8%35.3%(2 marks) Q8. VV Co. has price/earnings ratio of 15 and it’s industry competitor Kato Co. has an earnings yield of 20%. If assumed, a share price of $1. When comparing VV Co. to Kato Co, which of the following is correct? (HA)Earnings Yield HIGHER LOWERPrice/Earnings Ratio HIGHER LOWER(2 marks) Q9. Ivo Co has made an offer to buy two of its every three shares of Rico Co. Due to this merger, there is a chance that earning after deduction of tax will increase by $10m per year. Assuming that Ivo Co share price increases by $0.5 after its merger and Ivo issues new shares as consideration. What will be the price/earnings ratio of the group using the following information to nearest two decimal places? (FIB)Ivo Co. Rico Co.Profit after Tax $150 $40Market Share Prices $2.5 $1.2Number of shares 200m 60m901702476500(2 marks) Q10. Which TWO of the following are the problems relating to Price/ Earnings ratio? (MRQ)Quoted companies with similar business activities are difficult to findNot applicable for those who do not prefer paying dividends Represents historical costListed company’s capital structure might differ from unlisted company’s(2 marks) Q11. Yugo Co is acquiring Lotto Co. Yugo Co cost of acquisition at the time of acquiring Lotto Co.’s 20,000 shares will be $400,000. The cash flows are as follows: Year 20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6Cash flow ($) 170,000 235,000 200,000 85,000The weighted average cost of capital for the company is 10%. Calculate the share price of Lotto Co using discounted cash flow? (MCQ)$7.5$7.84$8.20$8.61(2 marks) Q12. Hath Co. has a future dividend forecast: In the current year and the first year, there will be no dividend paid. In year two a dividend of $0.36/share will be paid. In year three a dividend of $0.75/share will be paid and it will grow at 2% every year. If the cost of equity is 8% what will be Hath Co. current share price to the nearest $? (FIB)3613152286000$ (2 marks) Q13. Bitola Co is financed using equity only. The company has just paid the dividend of $80m and the earnings retained and invested were 55%. The investment returns 27% and cost of equity is 18%. What is the market value of the company? (MCQ)$2,917m$3,023m$3,487m$3,716m(2 marks) Q14. Dividend growth model takes many assumptions into account. Select the assumptions from the given statements? (MRQ)The estimates of future dividends and the cost of capital are accurateAll investors are homogenous Influential factors of the market are incorporated in the share price The dividend grow constantly or not grow at all (2 marks) Q15. Which of the following statements is a disadvantage for dividend growth model? (MCQ)The growth rate in the market is equal to the growth used in dividend growth model The cost of equity used is an estimate of a capital asset pricing modelThe method is applicable to all companies even if they don’t provide dividendsThe dividends paid by the company are perpetual (2 marks) Q16. A firm has an issue 15% preference shares with a nominal value of $1 each. Currently, the required return of preference shareholders is 25%. The corporation tax is 30%. What is the value of a preference share? (FIB)3714753873500P0 (2 marks)144653070104000 Q17. Jorum Co has issued irredeemable loan notes with a coupon rate of 8%. If the required return of investors is 2%, what is the current market value of the debt? (FIB)Market Value ($) (2 marks) Q18. B4U Co. has 11% redeemable bonds in issue having a cost of debt of 16% before tax. The tax rate in the market is 27%. If the bonds are redeemed in six years’ time at a premium of 6% above the par value. Calculate the market value of the bond? (MCQ)$69.35$76.12$84$103.2(2 marks) Q19. Curry has in issue 12% bonds with total nominal value $100,000 and a total redemption value $90,000, with interest payable quarterly. The cost of debt on the bonds is 12% annually. The bonds are redeemable on 31st March 20X2 and it is now 31st December 20X0. Calculate the market value? (FIB)14770102159000Market Value ($) (2 marks) Q20. A 6% redeemable loan note in Voltage Co is due to mature in four years’ time at a premium of 10%. It can be converted into 15 ordinary shares at the same time. Voltage Co pays a tax rate of 25%. Its current share price is $4.65 and growth is expected at 8%. If the shareholders require 10% return what is the market value? (MCQ)$51$75.13$94.15$110(2 marks) How to cite Business Valuations, Papers

Compare/Contrast Speak and I Fight Like a Girl free essay sample

Webster definition of a victim is one that is prayed upon and usually affected by a force or agent. my definition of victim is someone who has had a terrible thing happen to them. By both my and Webster definition both the narrator from the poem l fight like a girl and Melinda from the book speak are victims. Both in the poem and in the book the narrators/main characters go thru a lot and at some point reach the point when they are finally ready to fight back and stand p for themselves.The poem l fight like a girl and the book speak are alike because the main characters or narrators were both raped. I know this because in the third line of the poem it says a girl who is tired of being RAPED and in the book when Melinda finally comes to cope with the fact that she is raped at the end she says there is no avoiding it, Andy Evans raped me in August when I was too young and drunk to understand it. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare/Contrast Speak and I Fight Like a Girl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is not my fault. The book and the poem are different because in the poem she Is ready to eight back from the beginning and in the book it takes a lot of time and coping with what happened to her before she was able to fight back and stand up for herself. Both in the poem and in the book the main characters or narrators were victimized. In speak Melinda was victimized in more than one way for one she was raped. For two she was made fun of for being an outcast I know this because at the pep rally that heather from Ohio made her go to she was pushed down the bleachers and teased.For three she was repeatedly psychologically victimized by her rapist Andy Evans It says In the book that whenever they where Inside of In school suspension when the teacher left he blew In her ear which was Just a way of making her uncomfortable and also when she was eating lunch with the Marshs he came over there to make her feel bad. Also Just Like the narrator from l fight Like a girl we know all of the different was that she was victimized because she specifically names them she says she was raped beaten humored and Ignored which are all different ways of being victimized.The only difference Is that we know who plummeted Melinda and we onto know who victimized the narrator from l fight Like a girl. In the book Melinda refuses to stand u p for herself because If she does that then he will have to admit what It did to her It takes a lot of time and coping and understanding from the few people who she had to listen to her before she was ready to stand up for herself whereas In the poem the narrator Is clearly fed-up with being victimized to the point where she was ready to stand up for herself from the begging.

Migrants Effects on Singapore Essay Example

Migrants Effects on Singapore Essay Singapore is one of the most economically prosperous country in the South East Asia region. There has been a influx of foreigners in the country in recent years. I think the foreigners bring about a positive impact in the economical area, however in other areas such as social and environmental area, foreigners may bring about a negative impact instead. Migrants bring about a positive impact in the economical aspect of Singapore. They provide for much cheap labour.Manual work and low status jobs are generally disliked by locals because of the social stigma attached and its low pay. For example, Chinese migrants are often employed in construction firms which are jobs despised by Singaporeans. When jobs such as these are taken up, jobs are more efficiently taken up and this will promote the economic growth of the country in the long run. Singapore will thus be likely to benefit from foreigners coming to Singapore economically.Migrants brought about a negative impact in the social aspect . Singapore, with its high percentage of foreigners in it population will inevitably face with social issues such as the erosion of the Singapore culture and racism. Over the years, many cases of racism, especially through online multimedia websites such as twitter has occurred. One example would be the recent case of a teenager tweeting on the train â€Å" the Indian beside me was extremely smelly† Such cases occur continuously in Singapore.The lack of any statistics on the internet regarding racism in Singapore further proves that the government was trying to cover it up. Whether this is true or not, it is doubtlessly agreeable that racism is a increasing issue in Singapore. Therefore, in the social aspect of Singapore, foreigners bring about an undesirable impact. Migrants also bring about a negative impact in the environmental aspect of Singapore. Singapore is a small country with an incredibly high population density, as such, public facilities are often sought after by both foreigners and locals.The influx of migrants means that locals and foreigners have to compete for space in the park or on the park and this results in overcrowding. Furthermore, foreigners may not be familiar with the environmental rules of Singapore, and may litter in public places as their home country may not be as stringent in the cleanliness aspect. Over time, this may affect the image of Singapore, a â€Å"clean and green† city. Thus, foreigners bring about a negative impact in the environmental aspect of Singapore as they compete for the use of public places and may also affect the cleanliness of Singapore.Overall, I believe that while migrants bring about a negative impact to Singapore. This is because migrants are only good to a certain extent and have to be more carefully moderated. Having a smaller amount of migrants in Singapore will definitely bring about an overall benefit to Singapore. However the large number of migrants in Singapore has also caused socia l and environmental problems in Singapore. I think the negatives out-weigh the positive. Thus, they bring about mainly negative impacts to the country.

Great Gatsby-corruption essays

Great Gatsby-corruption essays The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a classic American novel about an obsessed man named Jay Gatsby who will do anything to be reunited with the love of his life, Daisy Buchanan. The book is told through the point of view of Nick Caraway, Daisy's cousin once removed, who rented a little cottage in West Egg, Long Island across the bay from Daisy's home. Nick was Jay Gatsby's neighbor. Tom Buchanan is Daisy's abusive, rich husband and their friend, Jordan Baker, has caught the eye of Nick and Nick is rather smitten by her. Gatsby himself is a very ostentatious man and carries a rather mysterious aura about himself which leads to the question: Is Gatsby's fortune a house of cards built to win the love of his life or has Daisy entranced him enough to give him the motivation to be so successful? While from a distance Jay Gatsby appears to be a well-educated man of integrity, in reality he is a corrupt, naive fool. Jay Gatsby fell in love with a young Daisy Buchanan prior to his military assignment overseas in WWI. Gatsby wanted to marry Daisy but she wouldn't marry him because he was poor and not a socialite. Gatsby then spent the five years, after his return home from the war; he strived to accumulate enough wealth to receive Daisy's love and attention. There is one quote in my cards that I honestly had no idea what it meant. The quote was just plain creepy though. I had no idea it was when these little girls walked by Nick and Gatsby. The little girls were singing: Into you tent Ill creep. (pg.83) Then all of a sudden it hit me. It is such a foreshadow device and the little girls represent Daisy and the spell she has over Gatsby and Gatsbys eventual downfall. The quote is about someone whos love for another person is so great but that love cannot be so the person in love is killed, by love. Since this quote was only mentioned once Fitzgerald didnt want to pound it into our h...

CRM industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CRM industry - Essay Example Simply speaking, they have to find where to buy what with the greatest benefit for the company. Information systems for strategic sourcing evolved from simple on-line catalogues to more complex on-line procurement transaction terminals, and even more: "Advanced eSourcing systems went a little bit further than comparing just the price. They compare the total cost of ownership, allowing for more flexible bidding and optimizing the overall supply chain" (Ishikawa et al, 2005). The use of IS for strategic sourcing is appreciated throughout the world. With an increasing number of means of communication, such as mobile phones, email, Internet messengers, pagers, video conferences, etc. contacting your business partner, customer, or employee becomes easy as never before. However such variety in communication devices brings another challenge on the scene: what is the best way to deliver your message to your contact' Since there is never an agreement on communication preferences, the best way is not to use single mean of communication, but rather select them all with the help of unified communication systems (UCS). They serve as a bridge between communication and IT infrastructures allowing its users "maximum choice and flexibility over how, where and when they wish to communicate. UC systems will intelligently route voice and data messages to the user's preferred communication device based on the user's profile." (Jennings, 2006) So UCS may be vital for companies that rely on fast and accurate information flows. Business Intelligence Today the success of a business greatly depends on the feedback that managers receive from company operations. Health of an enterprise is constantly monitored and analysed in order to avoid unexpected failures. Business intelligence without the use of IT is as ineffective as diagnosis without medical equipment. Management needs to get comprehensive information on factors affecting a business. Indicators and metrices on sales, production or internal operations serve as the best base for decision making. Software used for business intelligence may be divided into storing and analyzing the performance, or internal operations and tools for more "human" side of the businesses, i.e. CRM and marketing tools. Nowadays, BI software is still limited with rather slow dynamics. Systems are updated monthly, weekly, or daily. Meanwhile, Golfarelli (2005) argues that "'daily updates are unacceptable whenever an immediate decision must be kept. This is the case for many applications in the industria l world". Thus the business intelligence industry is currently working on dynamic instant updates of information, which will allow using it effectively in every business. Security and Privacy Information stored within companies along with their technology infrastructure often presents the base for their competitive advantages. That is why security issues become increasingly important with the ever growing use of IT in business. Of course, the main driving forces behind security developments are banks. Modern security information systems include not only reactive but proactive measures as protection from perceived threats, such as surveillance, encryption, and

Last poem Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Last poem - Term Paper Example This poem displays many of the attitudes that are found in a Confucian approach to life, and it can be read on a literal level, as a lament on the trials of life for a person who is poor, or on a figurative level, as a lament on the lack of success he has had in his professional life. One of his translator’s Burton Watson simply calls Tu Fu â€Å"the eliciter of superlatives!† (p. xi) and explains that Tu Fu came from an illustrious family which included the famous Du Yu (222-284) who was a commentator on the works of Confucius, and Tu Fu’s grandfather Du Shenyan (died in 708) who was â€Å"an official in the Tang bureaucracy and one of the outstanding poets of hi time. (p. xii). It seems that being in the Tang civil service and having an interest in Confucian thought and poetry writing was a family tradition,then, because this is the same path that Tu Fu followed in his own life. Over the years Tu Fu has been recognized as one of China’s greatest poets, and Young explains that this view is â€Å"partly based on admiration for his technical brilliance, a fluent mastery of traditional forms combined with an originality that gives rise to an apparently effortless innovation† (p. 77). ... The innovation, however, is that the elements are merged with the very realistic description of actual events. In stylistic terms, critics note that he was able to use a large range of different styles and techniques, and one consistent feature is often mentioned: â€Å"One other characteristic of Du Fu’s poetry merits particular notice, since in helps to explain the perennial appeal of his work -; his realism.† (Watson, p. xix) The description of the pieces of thatch is very realistic, so that the reader can visualize how they form â€Å"whirls† (line 4) in the swirling gusts of wind, and how they get caught in the trees, (line 9) which is a strange place for thatch to be, showing how disruptive the wind is on this occasion. The thatch is caught up high, or down low in the puddles, (line 11) and this vivid description causes the reader to reflect on the damaged house and its inhabitants which are caught in the middle. Tu Fu uses the qualities of objects in the w orld to illuminate and make real the images of the poem for example the clouds are compared to ink, (line 23) and the cotton quilts, which are supposed to be soft and warm, are compared to iron (line 27). These images make the reader vividly feel the emotions and sensations that the writer feels. Tu Fu appears not to have been a very accomplished bureaucrat, and his many travels indicate that he fell out with important people and was forced to end his life in relative poverty. The poem shows that old age and poverty make the poet powerless against the forces of the wind, but also when he tries to shout at the children who take away the escaped portions of thatch, he finds he has no voice. The poem shows

Profiling Genome of Tibetan Chicken

Profiling Genome of Tibetan Chicken Profiling the genome-wide DNAmethylation pattern of Tibetan chicken  using whole genome bisulfite sequencing Abstract Background: Tibetan chickens living at high altitudes show specific adaptations to high-altitude conditions, but the epigenetic modification bases of these adaptations havent been characterized. Results: We investigated the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in Tibetan chicken blood using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Generally, Tibetan chicken exhibited analogous methylation pattern with that of lowland chiken. A total of 3.92% of genomic cytosines were methylcytosines, and 51.22% of cytosines in CG contexts were methylated which was less than those in lowland chicken (55.69%). Moreover, the base next to methylcytosine of mCHG in Tibetan chicken had a preference for T, which was different from that in lowland chicken. In Tibetan chicken, the methylation levels in the promoter were relatively low, while the gene body maintained hypomethylated. DNA methylation levels in upstream regions of the transcription start site (TSS) of geneshad a negative relationship with the gene expression level, and the DNA methylation of gene-body were also negatively related to gene expression. Conclusions: We firstly generated the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in Tibetan chicken, and our results will be helpful for future epigenetic studies in adaptations to high-altitude conditions and provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of mountain sickness and other hypoxia-related diseases to human. Keywords: Epigenetics, DNA methylation, MethylC-Seq, highland chicken, adaptation, extreme environment.   Ã‚   Background DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification that plays a vital role in genomic imprinting [1], transcriptional repression [2], and chromatin activation [3]. In recent years, we have gained knowledge on the association of DNA methylation with cellular differentiation, development, and disease, however, little information is available concerning the DNA methylation modifications under long-term extreme environment. Environmental aspects influence through both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms [4, 5]. Several studies have tried to establish the relationship between environmental factors and DNA methylation in humans. It was reported that reduced global DNA methylation in whole blood was related to exposure to ambient air pollution at the home addresses of non adults [6]. In malignant cells, airborne benzene induce a significant decrease in the methylation of LINE-1 and AluI, and increasing airborne benzene levels can cause hypermethylation in p15 and hypomethylation in MAGE-1 [7]. The average level of methylation in p16 was increased in patients with benzene poisoning compared with control group, while no alternation was observed in the p15 methylation [8]. Korea et al. revealed that most organochlorine (OC) pesticides were inversely and significantly related to the methylation of Alu [9]. In the prenatal pregnant women, lead exposure was inversely related to genomic DNA methylation in white blo od cells [10]. Moreover, base on the epigenetic inheritance mechanisms, adaptive traits that result from the environment can be transferred to the next generation. For instance, environment containing endocrine-disrupting chemicals can affect the germ line and promote disease across offspring via DNA methylation [11]. Above researchs shows that environmental conditions could induce DNA methylation alternation to to influence disease, prompting us to explore whether DNA methylation is associated with the unique adaptations of farm animals to hypoxia and high-dose ultraviolet radiation in high-altitude environments. The Tibetan chicken which lives in high-altitude environment has smaller body, lower heart rate, higher spleen rate and erythrocyte volum than low-altitude chicken. Previous research showed that humans relocating to high-altitudes might undergo acute mountain sickness, high-altitude pulmonary edema, and high-altitude cerebral edema [12]. Whereas, the Tibetan chicken is greatly adapted to the low-oxygen and high-altitude environment and displays good performance in terms of survival and has high reproduction [13]. Therefore, investigation the genome-wide DNA methylation of Tibetan chicken, understanding the effects of DNA methylation on the plateau adaptability, may provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of mountain sickness and other hypoxia-related diseases to human. In this study, we perform whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) on Tibetan chicken blood to analyze their global DNA methylation patterns. The DNA methylome distribution in the Tibetan chicken genome was shown for the first time. Our results will provided an important resource for exploring low-oxygen adaptation mechanism in high-altitude district. Methods Animals In this study, one Tibetan chicken was obtained from Xiangcheng County in the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture with the living place about 3500 meters above sea level. Blood samples were collected and stored at -20  °C for bisulfite sequencing. Total genomic DNA was collected from the blood with the use of a TIANamp Genomic DNA Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China). All experiments in this study were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and were approved by the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province. MethylC-Seq library construction and sequencing DNA was fragmented by sonication with a Sonicator (Sonics Materials) to a mean size of approxi ­mately 250 bp, followed by blunt ending, 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²-end addition of dA, and adapter ligation, in which Illumina methylated adapters were used according to the manufacturers instructions (Illumina). The bisulfite conversion of Tibetan chicken DNA was carried out using ZYMO EZ DNA Methylation-Gold kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) and ampli ­fied via PCR with 12 cycles. Ultra-high-throughput pair-end sequencing was performed by the Illumina Genetic Analyzer (GA2) on the basis of manufacturer instructions. Raw GA sequencing data were processed using Illumina base-calling pipeline (SolexaPipeline-1.0). Data Filtering Data filtering was performed via the elimination of the adaptor sequences, contamination and low-quality reads from raw reads. Low-quality reads consist of three types including: 1) Contain adaptor sequence; 2) N base number over 10%; 3) The number of base whose quality less than 20 over 10% was trimmed, and the read which accord with one of them will be removed. Only cleaned data were used for the downstream analyses. Reads Alignment On the forward read of each read pair, observed cytosines were replaced with replaced with adenines, and the observed guanines were replaced with adenines on the reverse read of each read pair. The alignment form reads were then mapped to the alignment form gallus_gallus reference genome by SOAP aligner[14]. Each hit with a single placement with a minimum number of mismatches and and a clear operation chain was defined as unambiguous alignment (uniquely mapped reads) and was used for ascertainment of methyl-cytosine. The copy numbers of the local region was estimateed by calculating the the uniquely mapped reads. Estimating methylation levels Methylation level was determined by dividing the number of reads covering each mC by the total reads covering that cytosine, which was also equal the mC/C ratio at each reference cytosine. The function is showed as following: Methylation level = 100 * GO enrichment Analysis GO annotations of Tibetan chicken genes were downloaded from the Ensembl (ftp://ensembl.org/pub/current/otherdata/Gene_ontology/gallus_gallus_glean_gene.go). GO comparative analyses between inter ­ested genes groups were performed using BGI WEGO (http://wego.genomics.org.cn/cgi-bin/wego/index.pl). KEGG Pathway Analysis Different genes usually interact with each other to exercise their biological functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ KEGGà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °is the main public pathway database. Super geometry analyses were conducted to find the KEGG pathways enriched in genes differentially methylated compared to the whole genome. The calculation formula is the same as that in GO function analyses, N represents number of genes with pathway annotation; For the number, n is the number of differentially expressed genes corresponding N, M represents number of all genes which have a particular pathway annotation; m represents numbers of differentially expressed genes which have a particular pathway annotation. Pathway mapped Q value à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0.05 defined as the pathway of significant enrichment. Through significant enrichment of the pathway, we can determine the most main in biochemical pathways and signal transduction pathways. Results       Global mapping of DNA methylation In the present study, blood samples from a Tibetan chicken were used to generate three libraries for genome-wide methylation sequencing. All libraries showed nearly complete bisulfite conversion (99.7%). A total of 41.3 Gb raw data were obtained from three blood samples. After data filtering, 151,345,614, 165,745,108 and 141,554,972 clean reads were generated for the three libraries, respectively. Of the total reads, 75.6% were mapped to the reference genome, with 28 X Whole-genome average coverage depth, which could reveal the data quantity of clean data because of the characteristics of bisulfite sequencing (Table 1 and 2). Cytosine patterns have 3 major types (CG, CHG and CHH, H represents non-G base, hereinafter inclusive) according to the sequence context. Therefore, we analyzed the relationships between effective sequencing depth and genome coverage for different cytosine patterns (Figure S1, S2). Figure S1 reveals that there is a negative correlation between the effective sequencing depth and the percentage of cytosine in genome. The Figure S2 shows that the distribution of genome coverage varies with sequencing depth accord with the Poisson distribution, and the depth of the distribution`s apex is near to the genome average sequencing depth. In additon, we performed effective coverage analysis base on three different levels: chromosome, gene region and genomic feature. The effective coverage of all cytosine in each chromosome ranges from 82.77% to 97.86%, except for 24.96% in chr17 , while the CpG effective coverage of each chromosome ranges from 86.74% to 97.5%, except for 23.58% in chr17 (Table S1). Moreover,coverage of all cytosine in CDS and intron region was 95.94% and 93.66%, respectivelyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ and CG coverage in CDS and intron region was 96.04% and 93.45%, respectively (Table S2). DNA methylation patterns In Tibetan chicken, the methylation level of all genomic C sites was more than 3.9%. Patterns of Cytosine methylation in Tibetan chicken were found to have three major types (mCG, mCHG and mCHH) according to the sequence context. We discovered overall genome-wide levels of 51.22% CG, 0.4% CHG, and 0.45% CHH methylation in the Tibetan chicken (Table 3). In whole genome, the CG methylation occupied over 96% of cytosine methylation, which is the primary cytosine methylation pattern. However, the rate of mCHH was only 3% and the rate of mCHG was 1%(Fig. 1A). Methylation status of CG, CHG and CHH differ between species, even varies with different conditions concerning time, space and physiology within a single organism. Figure 1b showed that percentage of the methylation level of methyl-cytosine varies with methylation level. In the tibet chicken blood, more than 75 % of mCG sites were 60-100 % methylated (Fig. 1b). In addition, chromosome1 was used as an instance to illuminate the methyl-cytosine density distribution in chromosome, and the methyl-cytosine density showed large variations throughout the chromosome 1, which was similar to other chromosomes (Fig. 1c) Proximal Sequence Features Analysis To identify whether the particular local sequences were markedly enriched as the DNA methylome of Arabidopsis, we analyzed the sequence adjacent to sites of CG and non-CG methylation. The methylation ratios of all potential 9-mer sequences were calculated, and the methylated cytosine was located at the fourth position in these sequences (permitting an analysis of three bases upstream of CHG, and CHH methylation). As shown in figure 2, hardly a sequence preference was found in the CG-flanking regions of the hole genome or in the mCG-flanking regions. Moreover, the highest frequency base that next to the CHG cytosine in genome was A, followed by T and C, while the base following the mCHG methylcytosine has a preference for T, followed by A and C. In CHH context, the fifth position that proximal to the sites of cytosine has a preference for C, and the sixth position prefer to T, which is similar to the mCHH(Fig. 2). DNA methylation levels of different functional regions Different genomic features are associated with distinct regulation functions. To study the DNA methylation profile in different genomic features, the heat map was used to present the distribution of methylation level in the CDS, downstream, Genome, intron and upstream (fig. 3). The comparative analysis of mean DNA methylation levels revealed that different gennome regions showed distinguishing DNA methylation levels. Additionally, we analyzed DNA methylation patterns across the transcriptional units at whole genome level. In Tibet chicken, most of the promoter regions have an association with CpG islands and are hypomethylated, which showed a lower CG methylation level than the gene-body and the gene downstream. Moreover, methylation of CG declined sharply before the TSS and increased markedly towards the gene body regions and stayed at a plateau until the 3 end of the gene body, and two obvious peaks were present in the regions of the internol exon and the last exon (Fig. 3). The me thylation of CHG had the same varying tendency with the methylation of CG, but was characterised by mitigatory changes compared to the rapid changes of CG methylation. Furthermore, the methylation peaks of both CG and CHG were presented in the internal and last exons in which the methylation lows of CHH appeared. DNA methylation levels ofpromoter and genebody Methylation of the promoter suppresses gene expression, but the functional role of gene-body DNA methylation in highly expressed genes has yet to be clarified. To better characterise the methylation of promoter and gene-body, a comprehensive analysis of methylated genes and unmethylated genes in gene-body and upstream2k was performed. In total, 14,018 genes were methylated in both promoter and gene-body, while 505 genes were exclusively methylated in promoter and 409 genes were exclusively methylated in gene-body, and 231 genes unmethylated in both promoter and gene-body (fig. 4A). Gene ontology analysis of methylated and unmethylated genes revealed the top-ranked enriched GO terms were related to the cellular process, metabolic process, and response to stimulus in the biological process (BP) category. The cellular component (CC) category mainly comprised genes involved in cell, cell part, and organelle. Within the molecular function (MF) category, binding, catalytic activity, and tr ansporter activity were highly represented (fig. 4B and 3S). In addition, KEGG analysis showed that genebody methylation genes were clustered in the metabolic pathways, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, and calcium signaling pathway, while the genebody unmethylation genes were clustered in metabolic pathways, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, and endocytosis. Moreover, promoter methylation genes were most involved in ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, oocyte meiosis, and melanoma, while , promoter unmethylation genes were most involved in N-Glycan biosynthesis, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchor biosynthesis, and Fat digestion and absorption (fig. 5). DNA methylation and gene expression level DNA methylation of promoter generally suppress gene transcription via inducing a compact chromatin structure. We obtained the gene expression profiles of Tibetan chicken from the GEO database. Based on expression levels, all genes were divided into ten groups, from the lowest 10% and to the highest 10%. Furthermore, the genomic regions that 2 kb upstream of the TSS were defined as the proximal promoter, and used the mean methylation as the methylation level of each group. The correlation analysis showed that gene expression level was negatively related to the mean DNA methylation level of the promoter regions (fig. 6A; r=-0.93, pshowed little difference in these ten groups with different expression level (fig. 6B; r=-0.83, p Discussion Genomics technologies have been extensively used to investigate the adaptations of humans, animals and plants to extreme conditions [15, 16]. However, the relationships between the adaptions and the epigenetic modifications that result from extreme environmental exposures remains to be further elucidated. To date, the methylation pattern of Tibetan chicken remains unknown. To improve our understanding of the association between epigenetic modifications andadaptations to hypoxia and high-dose ultraviolet radiation in high-altitude environments, we analyzed whole-genome single-base resolution DNA methylomes by WGBS to provide the genomewide DNA methylation patterns in Tibetan chicken blood and interrogate the potential role of DNA methylation in adaptations to high-altitude environments. Genome-wide DNA methylations of lowland chickens have been researched using MeDIP-seq [17, 18], MBD-Seq [19], and Methyl-MAPS [20], which measure methylation base on immunoprecipitation and restriction enzyme digestion. Compared to WGBS, these technologies generate lower resolution and coverage, and fail to obtain methylation level for CHG and CHH. For example, Only 32 % of CpG coverage was obtained from the study of lowland chicken using Methyl-MAPS [20]. In the other lowland chicken study, the CpG coverage ranges from 83.72 to 91.57 % using MethylC-seq [21]. In the current study, the CpG effective coverage of each chromosome ranges from 86.74% to 97.5%, except for 23.58% CpG coverage of chr17 in Tibet chicken. In lowland chicken, more than 55.69% of cytosines in CG contexts were methylated which is much higher than those in Tibet chicken (51.22%), while the percentage of mCHG and mCHH in Tibet chicken was higher than those in lowland chicken. In addition, 96.24 %, 0.86 % and 2.89 % of all methylcytosines were present in the CG CHG and CHH context, respectively, while the CG methylation in Tibet chicken occupied only 96% of cytosine methylation. Moreover, the base next to methylcytosine of mCHG in lowland chicken had a preference for A, while that in highland chicken prefer to T. All these indicated that the highland environments decrease the global CG methylation levels of chicken, and change the sequence context preferences for methylation, suggesting that the methylation involve in the adaptations of chicken to high-altitude environments. In Tibetan chicken genome, the DNA methylation level rapidly down before the TSS and markedly increased towards the gene body regions and stayed at a plateau until the 3 end of the gene body. These methylation features discovered in this study consistently match with those previously reported in bovine placentas [22]. Similar to the lowland chickengenome, the Tibetan chicken genome has two CG methylation peaks in the internal and last exons, but the difference is that the lowland chicken genome showed a mitigatory methylation level in the genome regions before the TSS [21], suggesting that the long-term hypoxia and UV radiation under high-altitude conditions cause methylation alternation. The promoter plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene transcription and most of the promoter regions are hypomethylated [23], while the gene-body DNA methylation is associated with chromatin structure and elongation efficiency, and prevents spurious transcription initiation [24, 25]. In present study, we found the promoter is hypomethylated, whereas the methylation level in gene-body is relatively high, a finding that is similar to those from previously reported in human [26] and lowland chicken [17]. Hypermethylation of the promoters represses gene transcription [27], and the reduction of methylation at the promoters causes gene overexpression [28]. In human embryonic stem cells, Laurent et al. reported that 20% of the most highly expressed genes displayed the lowest methylation levels in promoter. We analyse the relationship between the methylation and the expression inTibetan chicken, using the method reported in previous studies [17]. Similar to reports in humans [17, 29, 3 0] and lowland chicken [5], DNA methylation level in 2 kb upstream of genes is negatively related to the gene expression level in Tibetan chicken, this was further evidence that DNA methylation at the promoters is involved in gene silencing. Methylation in gene-body is more prevalent than in promoter, but the role of gene-body methylation in gene regulation remains unclear. Previous researchs showed that gene-body methylation has an intricate correlation with expression level. Most researchers believed that the methylation of gene-body is positively correlated with gene expression [26, 29, 31, 32], although several researchers have indicated that intragenic methylation might inhibit gene transcription [24]. However, the correlation between gene-body methylation and expression levels in bovine placentas is non-monotonic and the moderately expressed genes show the highest methylation in gene-body [22]. Our data demonstrated that methylation in the gene-body of Tibetan chicken may decrease gene expression. However, methylation in gene-body is just one of the thousands of factors that affect gene transcription. Therefore, further studies centering on the DNA methylation of certain regions that display distinct effect in gene regulation are needed to clarify the complicated epigenetic mechanism underlying high-altitude environments and its relationships with adaptations to hypoxia and high-dose ultraviolet radiation in high-altitude environments. In summary, the present study provides the first comprehensive analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in the blood of highland chicken, and our results can be used for future studies on epigenetic gene regulation in highland chicken. This study contributes to the knowledge on epigenetics in highland animals. References 1. Tirado-Magallanes, R., et al., Whole genome DNA methylation: beyond genes silencing. Oncotarget, 2017. 8(3): p. 5629-5637. 2. Li, S., et al., Genome-wide analysis reveals that exon methylation facilitates its selective usage in the human transcriptome. Brief Bioinform, 2017. 3. Keown, C.L., et al., Allele-specific non-CG DNA methylation marks domains of active chromatin in female mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2017. 4. Daxinger, L. and E. Whitelaw, Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: more questions than answers. Genome Res, 2010. 20(12): p. 1623-8. 5. Chen, Z.J., Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression and phenotypic variation in plant polyploids. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2007. 58: p. 377-406. 6. De Prins, S., et al., Influence of ambient air pollution on global DNA methylation in healthy adults: a seasonal follow-up. Environ Int, 2013. 59: p. 418-24. 7. Bollati, V., et al., Changes in DNA methylation patterns in subjects exposed to low-dose benzene. Cancer Res, 2007. 67(3): p. 876-80. 8. Xing, C., et al., Methylation and expression analysis of tumor suppressor genes p15 and p16 in benzene poisoning. Chem Biol Interact, 2010. 184(1-2): p. 306-9. 9. Kim, K.Y., et al., Association of low-dose exposure to persistent organic pollutants with global DNA hypomethylation in healthy Koreans. Environ Health Perspect, 2010. 118(3): p. 370-4. 10. Pilsner, J.R., et al., Influence of prenatal lead exposure on genomic methylation of cord blood DNA. Environ Health Perspect, 2009. 117(9): p. 1466-71. 11. Crews, D., et al., Transgenerational epigenetic imprints on mate preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007. 104(14): p. 5942-6. 12. Srivastava, S., et al., Association of polymorphisms in angiotensin and aldosterone synthase genes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with high-altitude pulmonary edema. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 2012. 13(1): p. 155-60. 13. Li, M. and C. Zhao, Study on Tibetan Chicken embryonic adaptability to chronic hypoxia by revealing differential gene expression in heart tissue. Sci China C Life Sci, 2009. 52(3): p. 284-95. 14. Li, R., et al., SOAP2: an improved ultrafast tool for short read alignment. Bioinformatics, 2009. 25(15): p. 1966-7. 15. Turner, T.L., et al., Population resequencing reveals local adaptation of Arabidopsis lyrata to serpentine soils. Nat Genet, 2010. 42(3): p. 260-3. 16. Liu, S., et al., Population genomics reveal recent speciation and rapid evolutionary adaptation in polar bears. Cell, 2014. 157(4): p. 785-94. 17. Li, Q., et al., Genome-wide mapping of DNA methylation in chicken. PLoS One, 2011. 6(5): p. e19428. 18. Hu, Y., et al., Comparison of the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles between fast-growing and slow-growing broilers. PLoS One, 2013. 8(2): p. e56411. 19. Carrillo, J.A., et al., Methylome Analysis in Chickens Immunized with Infectious Laryngotracheitis Vaccine. PLoS One, 2015. 10(6): p. e0100476. 20. Tian, F., et al., DNMT gene expression and methylome in Mareks disease resistant and susceptible chickens prior to and following infection by MDV. Epigenetics, 2013. 8(4): p. 431-44.

Chemistry open book paper Essay

During radioactive decay, atoms of one element are changed into atoms of another element through the emission of alpha or beta particles from their unstable nuclei. With alpha decay the nucleus emits an alpha particle, which is essentially a helium nucleus; a group of two protons and two neutrons. It is a form of nuclear fission where the parent atom splits into two daughter products. The atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and transforms (or ‘decays’) into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. For example: An alpha particle is the same as a helium-4 nucleus. Unlike beta decay, alpha decay is governed by the strong nuclear force. In beta decay, a neutron in the nucleus of an atom is converted into a proton and an electron. The electron is released as a beta particle. Below is the beta decay of Thorium to produce Protactinium. . In beta minus decay, the weak interaction converts a neutron into a proton while emitting an electron and an anti-neutrino. During beta-plus decay, a proton in an atom’s nucleus turns into a neutron, emitting a positron and a neutrino. Alpha rays can be blocked by a sheet of paper, shielding against beta rays needs a sheet of metal like aluminium. Nuclear fission differs from other forms of radioactive decay in that it can be harnessed and controlled via a chain reaction: free neutrons released by each fission event can trigger yet more events. Radioactive decay is spontaneous. Most nuclear fuels undergo spontaneous fission only very slowly. Nucleosynthesis in stars Hydrogen and helium are the most abundant elements in the universe. Elements heavier than lithium are all synthesized in stars. This first process of primordial nucleosynthesis may also be called nucleogenesis. In the Sun hydrogen is converted to helium in nuclear fusion reactions: 41H 4He + subatomic particles During the late stages of stellar evolution, massive stars burn helium to carbon, oxygen, silicon, sulphur, and iron. The production of small amounts of hydrogen and helium nuclei makes it possible for the star to synthesise most of the elements in the first three periods of the Periodic table. Two routes for the generation of lithium are: Route 1: 4He + 3H   7Li Route 2: 4He + 3He   7Be 7Be + electron 7Li The second route is interesting; this is because it is a form of electron capture. This is where the collision between an atom and an electron causes the proton to convert to a neutron and a neutrino is released. It is sometimes called inverse beta decay, the proton number and the structure of the nucleus is changed. Fission and Fusion Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into lighter nuclei often producing free neutrons and other smaller nuclei. The emission of these neutrons can cause further fission in other nuclei, thus producing a chain reaction. Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments. Below is an example of nuclear fission, showing Uranium-235 splitting to create strontium-90 and xenon-143: Inside the reactor of an atomic power plant, Uranium atoms are split apart in a controlled chain reaction. This chain reaction gives off heat energy. This heat energy is used to boil water in the core of the reactor. So, instead of burning a fuel, nuclear power plants use the chain reaction of atoms splitting to change the energy of atoms into heat energy. This water from around the nuclear core is sent to another section of the power plant. Here, in the heat exchanger, it heats another set of pipes filled with water to make steam. The steam in this second set of pipes turns a turbine to generate electricity. Uranium-238 is used as a natural way to control the reaction due to the fact that it does not undergo fission. Two other mechanisms used for controlling the reaction are the graphite moderator and the control rods, which are made of boron coated steel. The neutrons that are produced when a nucleus splits are very fast moving; the graphite slows them down enough so that they cause fission reactions when they collide with Uranium-235 nuclei. The control rods which are made of Boron which absorb neutrons; they can be moved in and out of the reactor to control the rate of fission reactions. A typical absorption reaction is: Below is a cross section of the inside of a typical nuclear power plant: Notable advantages of fission include the fact that relatively little fuel is needed and the fuel is relatively inexpensive and available in trace amounts around the world. Also, it is not believed to contribute to global warming or other pollution effects associated with fossil fuel combustion. However, its major concerns include the possibility for a nuclear meltdown; an example could be the Chernobyl Disaster. Also, waste products can be used to manufacture weapons; waste from plutonium power stations remains dangerous for thousands of years. There is also high initial cost because the plant requires containment safeguards; even then, the power plants are still vulnerable from sabotage and attacks. Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple atomic particles join together to form a heavier nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy. The fusion of two nuclei lighter than iron or nickel generally releases energy. Below is an example of a fusion reaction: Excess energy is released from the fusion reaction because of the lower binding energy of the helium nuclei compared to those in deuterium and tritium. The combined mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants; the ‘lost’ mass is converted to energy, according to Einstein’s equation: E=mc2 For the below reaction to occur the particles need to form a high-density, super hot, ionized gas – plasma. 2H + 3H i 4He + 1n Tritium is produced by using lithium in the reactor, where neutrons from the deuterium-tritium reaction in the plasma will react with the lithium to produce more tritium: 6Li + 1n i 4He + 3H A way to control the plasma is to keep it away from the walls, which minimizes heat loss. To do this a tokamak is used. This device contains hot plasma in a doughnut shape within a vacuum vessel. Powerful magnetic fields created by large coils that run around the vessel keep the plasma away from the walls. Powerful electric currents heat the plasma as well as by microwaves that are directed into it and beams of fast neutron particles. Notable advantages to using nuclear fusion include the fact that there is significantly less chance of a fatal accident occurring than that of a fission reactor, because the fuel contained in the reaction chamber is only enough to sustain the reaction for about a minute. Also, Deuterium and tritium are virtually inexhaustible. Unlike fission reactors, whose waste remains dangerous for thousands of years, most of the radioactive material in a fusion reactor would remain dangerous for about 50-100 years. At present the disadvantage is merely the fact that scientists have not yet been able to contain a fusion reaction long enough for there to be a net energy gain. This is, in turn, causing many countries to phase out fusion research because of the failure to reach a breakthrough. Challenges to the future of fusion power stations The main challenge that scientists face is the growth of hydrocarbon films. Where plasma touches the walls, carbon tiles are eroded by deuterium and tritium ions, producing hydrocarbons. Further reactions result in the formation of reactive radicals, which combine with each other to form hydrocarbon films. These films cause problems because they trap the tritium and deuterium fuel ions in the walls of the device so that they are not circulating in the reacting plasma to produce any energy. Also if the film gets thicker, it begins to flake off, resulting in dust particles which can be absorbed into the plasma, affecting its purity and performance. Other issues include the potentially prohibitive costs of building, and the difficulties of repairing and maintaining the reaction vessel. This massive â€Å"blanket† of lithium and rare metals will degrade and become radioactive over time, requiring regular dismantling and replacement. No. Words – 357+368+294+145 = 1164 (excluding equations, titles, annotations and text in diagrams) – sorry! Sources http://www. answers. com/topic/nucleosynthesis? cat=technology – Nucleosynthesis http://helios. gsfc. nasa. gov/nucleo. html – Nucleosynthesis http://physics. bu. edu/py106/notes/RadioactiveDecay.html – Alpha and beta equations http://map. gsfc. nasa. gov/universe/bb_tests_ele. html – Nucleosynthesis http://chemed. chem. purdue. edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/modes. php. Alpha and Beta decay http://media. nasaexplores. com/lessons/01-060/images/Uran235. jpg – Fission of uranium-235 http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/Hbase/nucene/fusion. html – Nuclear fusion http://www. iter-india. res. in/images/jet_tokamak. jpg. Tokamak image, Fig 5 http://www. newscientist. com/channel/fundamentals/dn8827-no-future-for-fusion-power-says-top-scientist. html – Problems for fusion power http://eazyvg. linuxoss.com/2007/08/21/fusion-is-the-future-choice-for-nuclear-power-generation/ – Fission and fusion diagrams, advantages and disadvantages of fission and fusion. Fig 1 and 3 http://www. physlink. com/Education/AskExperts/ae534. cfm – Bond energy per nucleon, Fig 5 Article 1 – Box 1 – pg3 Article 1 – Second paragraph under â€Å"Nuclear fission† – pg4-5 Article 1 – Box 2 – Used for finding out control mechanisms – pg6 Article 2 – Advantages of fusion power, ways it produces energy – pg8 Article 2 – Box 2 – Lithium generation and equations – pg9 Article 2 – Box 2 – Fusion reactions – pg10 Article 2 – Tokamak, problems facing scientists – pg10.

Finance And Accounting In The Media Industry Accounting Essay

Media and amusement includes a assortment of merchandises that entertains or keeps informed a day-to-day consumer. The industry is segmented into wireless, telecasting, wireless broadcast medium, etc. The competition in the media and amusement infinite is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. To be on the top or even to last in this extremely competitory market one has to be really efficient in pull offing the information systems.Finance and AccountingRelationship to Accounting: There is really small difference between finance and accounting. Both autumn under the legal power of main fiscal officer who uses a peculiar MIS to function the intent of both. The difference lies in the sense that in finance the intent is to maximise the net income whereas the intent of accounting is score maintaining so that a base for revenue enhancement payment is prepared. A fiscal director analyses the natural information ( provided by the comptroller about the company ‘s yesteryear, present and future ) as inputs to MIS for doing of import determinations. Accounting is non concerned with hard currency flows. It is merely based on the recognized grosss when sale occurs. Finance is merely concerned to hard currency flows. The magnitude, timing and hazard of hard currency flows are the focal point of finance director. Finance involves determination doing under unsure conditions and is concerned with future whereas accounting is concerned with the past records.WHY MIS IS USED?ALarge organisations have a batch of information. This aggregation of informations can non be of any usage if it is non streamlined so that informations can be retrieved easy. MIS would assist in commanding, tracking and monitoring of informations. Segregation of informations into faculties would ensue in faster determination devising. Would assist in traveling paper free. Use of MIS would guarantee the consequence as per the outlook and analysis of informations would be done easy.SAP FOR FINANCE IN MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENThypertext transfer protocol: //www.sap.com/global/images/tce/spacer.gif Reliance Mediaworks uses SAP for functioning its fiscal jobs. SAP for Media provides trim solutions to maintain up with rapid alterations driven by the Internet, on-line publication, and digital broadcast medium. License acquisition and surpassing royalties – Reports on accurate royalty statements are prepared utilizing SAP. Core accounting and coverage capablenesss Fiscal supply concatenation direction Treasury Management Shared services Supply Chain ManagementRELIANCE MEDIAWORKSCompany profile In 2005 Reliance ventured into this infinite and rapidly adopted the criterions required to last in this market. The twelvemonth 2005 saw the entry of new participants across all sections of the E & A ; M industry. Reliance made its manner into amusement by purchasing out ‘Adlabs ‘ and besides acquired a wireless station known as BIG FM 92.7after command for 50 FM wireless Stationss across with aggregative commands of over INR 1.5 billion. In this M & A ; E industry one can non bury the function of finance and accounting in the success way of these companies. Finance and accounting should be really efficient so that there are no statistical errors/delays. The presence of trust mediaworks is felt in Film Services: Motion Picture Processing and DI ; Visual Effects ; Film Restoration and image sweetening ; Digital Mastering: Studios and Equipment leases with installations located at US and India. Most companies that fail in this industry have no or hold a weak information system for finance and accounting system. Finance holds the key for company ‘s success. Reliance Media works adopted a really good MIS every bit shortly as it entered the infinite. It implemented a ‘SAP ‘ made MIS and rapidly got the positive consequences of utilizing it. Use of SAP in Reliance Mediaworks Used for accounting intents. Used for revenue enhancement intents. Used for organizing general legers. Keeping collectible and receivable histories. Besides used for computation of assorted ratios and analyzing them. Used for preparation of one-year and quarterly studies. Used for puting up a fixed budget.AccountingFiscal accounting consists of: – General ledger – Sap helps in pull offing a general leger for the company. General leger keeps an history of the assets, grosss, disbursals and the liabilities of the company. At the bosom of the Financials faculty, the General Ledger constituent automates the integrating of all your fiscal information and poster to your histories – supplying the terminal point for all drumhead information in the system. From the General Ledger all the cardinal direction studies of your concern ‘ are generated, including the balance sheet, gross statement, trading history and test balance. Comprehensive bore down capablenesss and graphical coverage makes job designation and declaration simple in the extreme. The General Ledger shops information on all of your histories, including all minutess – supplying the ability to update work-in advancement, stock values, foreign currency fluctuations, debitors and creditors, so that an accurate representation of the concern ‘ fiscal state of affairs is ever presented. Flexibility is provided in the set up of your chart of histories, which can be standard of customised to accommodate the alone demands of you concern. Full integrating from the full Prism system ensures the General Ledger presents dependable, accurate and timely direction information. Treasury Management of Assetss Reliance has a separate faculty for the intent of exchequer direction. This faculty invariably manages the assets and the investings that have been made by the company. Investings Reliance Mediaworks is invested in many bonds and common financess. The list of these investings every bit good as such other investings is maintained by SAP. New investings to be made are besides analysed by the MIS. A proviso for decline is made to recognize a diminution, other than impermanent, in the value of long-run investings and is determined individually for each single investing. Fixed assets and depreciation / amortization Tangible assets Assetss that can be equated in footings of money are known as touchable assets. Expenses incurred for up maintaining of the assets are taken into history. Depreciation on fixed assets is provided on the consecutive line method, . Cost of movie rights comprises original purchase monetary value / minimal warrant. Cost is ascertained on specific designation footing where possible. In instance multiple movies / rights are acquired for a amalgamate sum, cost is allocated to each movie / right based on direction ‘s best estimations. The single movie prognosis method is used to amortize the cost of movie rights acquired. Under this method, costs are amortised in the proportion that gross grosss realised bear to direction ‘s estimation of the entire gross grosss expected to be received. If estimations of the entire grosss and other events or alterations in fortunes indicate that the realisable value of a right is less than its unamortised cost, a loss is recognised for the surplus of unamortised cost over the movie right ‘s realisable value. Liabilitiess illustrations of liability histories include histories collectible and long term debt. Gross Gross is recognised to the extent that it is likely that the economic benefits will flux to the Company and the gross can be faithfully measured. Advertisement / sponsorship gross Reliance generates its grosss from advertizements and sponsorships that it offers to assorted companies. Large Frequency modulation every bit good as some other subordinates of ‘Reliance Mediaworks ‘ like the ‘Adlabs ‘ generates grosss through advertisement offerings. Film production and related income The twenty-four hours the movie rights are sold, the income/revenue from movie production is registered in the book of histories. Income from movie distribution activity Distribution rights for a movie produced by Reliance Mediaworks, abroad rights, picture, music or orbiter rights are sold and the grosss are registered by SAP. Film production services Gross from treating / printing of cinematographic movies is recognised upon completion of the related processing / printing. Theatrical exhibition and related income Grosss are besides generated by the sale of tickets at Big Cinemas. The amusement revenue enhancement is exempted from the gross. Interest income / income from movie funding Grosss may besides be generated from financing a peculiar movie and so finally purchasing the movie. Foreign currency minutess Due to operations in assorted states, Reliance has the grosss in assorted currencies which is converted into rupees at the terminal of the twelvemonth. The difference in exchange rates may do extra gross for the company. Expense/Cost Expense or cost can specify as escapes from the company. Personal costs Wages, rewards, fillips, PPF, staff public assistance disbursals Operational costs Advertisement, bank charges, rent, insurance, labor charges, loss on sale, bad debts, printing and communicating, other assorted disbursals. Other costs include involvement payment on the loans, fiscal charges etc. Receivable accounts- : Pull offing a list of receivable histories can be really boring if done manually. This job is solved utilizing SAP which records and manages such histories. The Accounts Receivable constituent of the Prism Financials faculty reveals a 360AÂ ° position of gross revenues public presentation – the footing for accurate and effectual decision-making. Histories Receivable shops all client information, footings, minutess and balances, streamlining dayto- twenty-four hours disposal. It provides direction with full and accurate graphical analysis, projections of gross revenues, grosss and hard currency flow. Credit control installations with comprehensive diary notes and gross revenues history facilitate easy client direction. Full integrating is provided from Histories Receivable to the General Ledger and Cash Book constituents of the Financials faculty, every bit good as the Job Costing and Inventory faculties on a existent clip footing. Collectible accounts- : Merely as we have receivable histories to enter the income so besides a record should be maintained for the outgoing payments that are to be made. With the Histories Collectible constituent of the Prism Financials faculty you ‘ll accomplish efficiencies throughout your bill and payment procedure. By hive awaying all your provider information, minutess and balances, and supplying elaborate analysis of your purchases, Accounts Payable will turn out an priceless tool within your histories section. Staff can automatically make payment tallies and print computerised cheques and remittals, in add-on to leting multiple currencies by creditor. Extensive graphical coverage on all disbursals incurred provides direction with critical determination doing information. Taxation- : Calculation of revenue enhancements ( gross revenues and purchases ) and coverage of the same is easy done utilizing SAP. Income-tax disbursal comprises current revenue enhancement disbursal computed in conformity with the relevant commissariats of the Income revenue enhancement Act, 1961 and deferred revenue enhancement charge or recognition. Deferred revenue enhancement charge or recognition and the corresponding deferred revenue enhancement liability or plus is recognised for clocking differences between the net incomes / losingss offered for income revenue enhancements and net incomes / losingss as per the fiscal statements. Deferred revenue enhancement assets and liabilities are measured utilizing the revenue enhancement rates and revenue enhancement Torahs that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet day of the month. Entertainment revenue enhancement is besides levied as a signifier of revenue enhancement. Accrual accounting- : Accrual means entering gross or cost every bit shortly as they are earned and non wait for the clip when they would be settled. SAP helps in pull offing collectible and receivable histories harmonizing to accrual accounting.Benifits to Reliance MediaworksThe operating costs have reduced and the efficiency has been increased thereby increasing the entrance royalties. The dealing and communicating charges have gone down drastically thereby increasing the net income borders for the company. The cost of integrating with finance and accounting direction has cut downing and has resulted in incremental gross for the company. Replacing manual accounting with the new system has improved the transparence and simpleness of pull offing histories. Version: SAP Crystal Reports Editions: SAP Crystal Reports comes in a individual edition that is the feature equivalent of the old Developer Edition. SAP Crystal Reports Dashboard Design bundle is a soft package of SAP Crystal Reports and SAP Crystal Dashboard Desing ( once known as Xcelsius Engage ) . Datas beginnings: Native, ODBC, OLE DB, and JDBC connectivity to relational, OLAP, web services, XML, and enterprise informations beginnings, and new salesforce.com driver. License theoretical account: Licensed per named user Languages: English, Gallic, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese ( Brazilian ) , Dutch, Swedish, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Norwegian, Thai, Czech, and FinnishSystem RequirementsDisk infinite: 300 MB available difficult thrust infinite, 600 MB recommended with SAP Crystal Reports, version for Ocular Studio.NET Operating systems: Microsoft Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP with Service Pack ( SP ) 2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, or subsequently Integrated development environments: SAP Crystal Reports, version for Ocular Studio 2008, 2005, and 2003 Brassy Support: Embedded Flash objects can be viewed with the.NET Winform spectator, .Net Webform spectator, Java DHTML spectator, SAP Crystal Reports spectator, and exported PDF files.